The transmission of diseases between livestock and wildlife can be a hindrance to effective disease control. Maintenance hosts and contact rates should be explored to further understand the transmission dynamics at the wildlife-livestock interface. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has been shown to have wildlife maintenance hosts and has been confirmed as present in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in Uganda since the 1960s. The first aim of this study was to explore the spatio-temporal spread of cattle illegally grazing within the QENP recorded by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) rangers in a wildlife crime database. Secondly, we aimed to quantify wildlife-livestock interactions and cattle movements, on the border of QENP, using a longitudinal questionnaire completed by 30 livestock owners. From this database, 426 cattle sightings were recorded within QENP in 8 years. Thirteen (3.1%) of these came within a 300 m-4 week space-time window of a buffalo herd, using the recorded GPS data. Livestock owners reported an average of 1.04 (95% CI 0.97-1.11) sightings of Uganda kob, waterbuck, buffalo or warthog per day over a 3-month period, with a rate of 0.22 (95% CI 0.20-0.25) sightings of buffalo per farmer per day. Reports placed 85.3% of the ungulate sightings and 88.0% of the buffalo sightings as further than 50 m away. Ungulate sightings were more likely to be closer to cattle at the homestead (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6) compared with the grazing area. Each cattle herd mixed with an average of five other cattle herds at both the communal grazing and watering points on a daily basis. Although wildlife and cattle regularly shared grazing and watering areas, they seldom came into contact close enough for aerosol transmission. Between species infection transmission is therefore likely to be by indirect or non-respiratory routes, which is suspected to be an infrequent mechanism of transmission of BTB. Occasional cross-species spillover of infection is possible, and the interaction of multiple wildlife species needs further investigation. Controlling the interface between wildlife and cattle in a situation where eradication is not being considered may have little impact on BTB disease control in cattle.

En el tardío siglo XIX los norteamericanos romantizaron a un pequeño sector de los forajidos del oeste como bandidos sociales, quienes supuestamente robaban a los ricos para darle a los pobres y defendían a las comunidades locales y a sus propiedades. Comprender el apoyo local dado a la banda de James-Younger en Missouri, y a la banda de Doolin-Dalton en el territorio de Oklahoma, depende de cierta apreciación del contexto local en el cual operaron tales bandidos. Su mayor atractivo surgió de los medios culturales de la época con su ansiedad por la disminución de la independencia del hombre y las virtudes masculinas.

In the late nineteenth-century Americans romanticized a small subset of Western outlaws as social bandits, who supposedly robbed from the rich, gave to the poor, and supported local communities and values. Understanding the local support given the James-Younger Gang in Missouri and the Doolin-Dalton Gang in Oklahoma Territory depends on an appreciation of the local context in which these gangs operated. Their larger appeal sprang from the cultural milieu of the period with its anxiety over the decline of male independence and masculine virtues.

Pain is a common experience for people with both acute and chronic wounds. Wound-related pain can be intense, adversely affect physical functioning, prolong the time to healing, cause psychological distress and reduce patient quality of life. Dressing change procedures are often the most painful aspect of wound care. The removal of some adhesive dressings and dry dressings are known to cause trauma and pain. The prevention / minimisation of these unwanted effects should be a key objective in the provision of wound care, but this is not always so. Many clinicians remain unaware of wound-related pain, the detrimental effect that it can have on healing, and the available remedies. There are also significant cost implications to consider.

El dolor es una experiencia común en las personas con heridas tanto agudas como crónicas. El dolor relacionado con las heridas puede ser intenso, afectar adversamente al funcionamiento físico, prolongar el tiempo de cicatrización, causar aflicción psicológica y reducir la calidad de vida del paciente. Los procedimientos de cambio de apósitos son, a menudo, el aspecto más doloroso del cuidado de las heridas. Se sabe que el cambio de algunos apósitos adhesivos y secos causa traumatismo y dolor. La prevención/minimización de estos efectos debería ser un objetivo clave en la provisión del cuidado de las heridas, si bien no lo es siempre. Muchos clínicos parecen ignorar todavía el dolor relacionado con las heridas, el efecto perjudicial que puede tener en la cicatrización y los remedios disponibles. Además, existen también serias implicaciones en relación con el coste que deben considerarse.

The fossil-rich deposits of Térapa (east-central Sonora) contain more than 60 zoological taxa, many with tropical affinities such as Crocodylus (crocodylian), Hydrochaeris (capybara), and many birds. The deposits also contain the dermal ossicles (osteoderms) of two extinct xenarthrans, a glyptodont (Glyptotherium cylindricum) and a pampathere (giant armadillo; Pampatherium cf. mexicanum). Glyptodont remains are also known from other less-well studied localities in Sonora. The faunas from these localities also contain the genus Bison, which indicates that the deposits are of the Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age, late Pleistocene. The presence of Pampatherium at Térapa and the presence of Glyptotherium at Térapa and the Río Mayo/Río Yaqui sites represent the first published accounts of these species from Sonora, and greatly extends their known geographical distribution during the Rancholabrean by about 1,100 km into northwestern Mexico.

Los yacimientos ricos en fósiles de Térapa (área centro-oriental de Sonora) contienen más de 60 taxon zoológicas, muchos con afinidades tropicales como Crocodylus (crocodrilo), Hydrochaeris (capibara), y muchas aves. Los depósitos contienen además la dermis ósea de oído (osteodermis) de dos xenartros extintos, un gliptodonte (Glyptotherium cylindricum) y un armadillo gigante (Pampatherium cf. mexicanum) (Mammalia, Xenarthra). También se han hallado restos de gliptodonte en otras localidades de Sonora menos estudiadas. Las faunas de estas localidades contienen además el género Bison, lo cual indica que los depósitos son del Rancholabreano (Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age), Pleistoceno tardío. La presencia de Pampatherium en Térapa y de Glyptotherium en Térapa y los sitios del Río Mayo/Río Yaqui representa el primer recuento publicado de estas especies en Sonora y extiende grandemente su distribución conocida durante el Rancholabreano, o pleistoceno tardío, en unos 1,100 kms hacia el noroeste de México.

The accurate identification of wound infection provides a clinical challenge to those involved in patient care and would appear to have not kept pace with other developments in the field of wound care. Attempts have been made to improve on the situation but diverse opinions together with lack of consensus prevail. The literature on infection criteria was reviewed and a set of criteria were collated; a number of criteria at the time were described as a subtle in nature and have undergone validation studies. This article suggests a new perspective on the clinical identification of wound infection - ie, the signs of infection are closely associated with the wound type. Infection criteria for six wound types are explored and presented. This approach is intended for consideration together with the results of an impending Delphi study that raise awareness of this issue, promote discussion, and lead to validation of an accurate set of clinical criteria.

La correcta identificación de la infección presente en las heridas representa un reto clínico para los profesionales de la atención de enfermos y parece no haberse desarrollado a la par que otros avances en el campo del tratamiento de heridas. Ha habido intentos para que la situación mejore, pero al final siguen prevaleciendo las diferencias de opinión y la falta de consenso. Se han revisado las teorías acerca de las causas de las infecciones y se ha recopilado un buen número de ellas. Algunas de las teorías que en su tiempo se consideraron acertadas han sido sometidas a estudios de comprobación. Este artículo propone un nuevo enfoque de la identificación clínica de las infecciones en las heridas (es decir, de las señales de infección estrechamente relacionadas con los diferentes tipos de heridas). En este trabajo vamos a presentar y desarrollar las teorías de aparición de infecciones en seis tipos diferentes de heridas. El presente estudio está relacionado con los resultados de una investigación que, en breve, un foro Delphi va a publicar y que contribuirán a reflexionar sobre este tema, promover el debate y llegar a validar un grupo concreto de criterios clínicos.